Culture Bias in the Media - 1778 Words

Cultural Bias in the Media By Daniel L. Wilson Peru State College Culture Bias in the Media Studying the trends in regards to portrayals of minorities in media, in television and programming in relation to the impact portrayals have on viewers attitudes and beliefs, serves two main purposes: (1) it is important to understand the degree of how minorities are depicted so that changes, if needed, can occur; and (2) there is a need to determine if the portrayals of minorities on television exacerbate racial stereotypes (Mastro, 2000). Devine (1989) contended that the negative perceptions and stereotypes of racial minorities are widely held and culturally embedded intentionally and inadvertently within the American public.†¦show more content†¦6). Feagin and Vera (1995) also contend the media plays a leading role in shaping dominant attitudes and beliefs about minorities, however the media does not see the need to change status quo because many networks are getting steady ratings and making financial profit. Much of what a viewer learns from television is incidental learning. Incidental learning is defined as, learning that takes place when a viewer goes to television for entertainment and stores up certain items of information without seeking them (Lowery DeFleur, 1995, p. 252). Incidental learning suggests, that constant exposures to a specific image of an object can lead to distorted beliefs about the object (Gerbner, 1980, p. 15). Viewers are repeatedly exposed to certain portrayals of an ethnic group, and may develop corresponding beliefs about that group. Taylor and Stern (1997) give the example, if viewers see Asian-Americans playing roles of technicians or mathematicians on television, they may learn to believe that Asian-Americans excel at math. The same hold true with other minorities. If the public is constantly exposed to minorities portrayed in a negative or stereotypical manner, those traits will ultimately be reinforced in the minds of the viewer Ââ€" especially if the viewer does not have anything to negate those images. DeFleur and DeFleur (1967) maintain the impact of assumptions will increase if viewersShow MoreRelatedRace And Punishment : Racial Perceptions Of Crime And Support For Punitive Policies1308 Words   |  6 Pagesreform. She also, is an author of a report called â€Å"Race and Punishment: Racial Perceptions of Crime and Support for Punitive Policies, which is about her study of police shootings disproportionately affecting African American and how media coverage shows racial bias against African American. In addition, a 2002 survey found that people made an estimate that 40 percent of those that committed violent crimes were African American, but the real percentage was only 29 percent. According to Nazgol GhandnooshRead MoreMedia Is Manipulating Their Way Of Thinking895 Words   |  4 Pages In the world one live in there are numerous times where the media has been bias towards one particular point of view which many people are not aware of and majority of today’s population do not see how the media is manipulating their way of thinking. The news misinforms and less inform an individual due to the coverage of unimportant stories about celebrity and majority of the the time overlook issues that American deemed important like the war, education, poverty and diseases. All over the worldRead MoreSelling For Children : The Marketing Of Cool1047 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious means, three of which are examined by Schor. In her article, Schor examines the ideas of street-culture, an anti-adult bias, and age compression and how they are perceived as cool in the world of advertising to children. The first advertising technique Schor examines is the idea of street-culture and the cool edginess inherent within. Street life, particularly in this article, describes the culture present in inner cities and is a lifestyle most commonly associated with poor blacks. AdvertisersRead MoreStereotypes Of Minority Groups During Media1733 Words   |  7 PagesAlejandra Guerrero Mrs. Wong AP English Language and Composition Period 4 2 June 2015 Stereotypes of Minority Groups in Media Harmeen Jones, a former Fox Technician, was fired after filing a complaint to Human Resources of the unfair treatment he was receiving by his colleagues at Fox for being African-American. Jones claims ‘he was subjected to a steady stream of racist, sexist, and extremely offensive comments,’ against blacks, Muslims, Jews, women and Hispanics† (Shifrel). Unfortunately, notRead MoreThe Political Opinions Of The American People Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesand complex topic of discussion for the majority of the American people. The political opinions of the American people are ultimately developed by their collective culture, lifestyle and political ideology. The majority of the American people are undeniably influenced and informed, directly and indirectly, by multiple sources of media on a daily basis. In this day and age, technology has allowed national political news to spread throughout the country virtually immediately via the internet, televisionRead MoreThe Values Of The Textbook1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Values of the Textbook Description: What media outlets do Why they do it What they should do 1 Worry about file swappers illegally downloading songs (p.72) Sales decrease for recording labels (p.72) Use internet to post music/videos to gain larger audience at less of a cost (p.72) 2 Homogenized radio industry (p.108) Saves money (p.108) Let there be interaction between Deejays and the audience. Live vs. voice tracking (p.108) 3 Introduced VOD-DVRs, iPods, Netflix (p.155) Enables customersRead MoreMedia Bias And Its Impact On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesNewspapers were a trusted source that society depended on to form their own opinion. More than ever, today it seems to be more difficult to find facts or truth. Just on that statement two significant and impactful questions are raised. Why is there so much bias and discrepancies between reporting and why is society fine with this? Anyone who pays attention to the reporting that is going on, they would notice the first question, but do not take it a moment to question why the public or themselves allow itRead MoreMedia And Agenda Setting : Effects On The Public, Interest Group Leaders, And Public Policy1216 Words   |  5 PagesLomax Cook, Fay, et al. Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy. The Public Opinion Quartely, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 16-35. JSTOR. Researchers analyzed the impact of the mass media on the general public, policy makers, interest group leaders, and public policy. Results indicated the media influenced views about issue importance among the general public and government policy makers. However, the change in public opinion regardingRead More Arabs in the Media: Victim or Villain? Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesArabs in the Media: Victim or Villain?   Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the media portrayal of the Arab culture and Islam has contributed to a skewed public opinion in America. Looking closely at the news coverage concerning the Middle East and the United States, there is an inherent media bias against Arabs and Muslims as foreign threats to domestic security. Stephen Franklin argues that Islamic nations are often portrayed in news reports as uniformly intolerant and anti-democratic (Franklin 17). UnfortunatelyRead MorePsychological Science and Gender Bias1351 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipants of different age, gender, different cultures etc. Results of such research assume to effectively predict the nature of the construct involved in the study. However this may not always be the case since the results of a study may be hampered by the bias involved in the study. Bias can be defined as the human tendencies that leads them to follow a quasi-logical path or form a certain perspective that is based on the predetermined notions o r beliefs. Bias may affect the results of a study directly

The Development of Individual Conscience in Twains...

In the novel, individual conscience plays a big role on the lives of the characters. Throughout the novel, Jim and Huck help each other to find their true identities through their journey down the river, although they are both very different, in social class, race, and view on society and the world, they are able to form a father-son relationship in which Huck is able to mature and grow his conscience. Jim is able to mold Huck’s conscience into the way it should be, not the way society wants it should be. Mark Twain uses Huck in the novel to the reader that when it comes to friendship, race should never be an issue, and that individual conscience is far more important than society’s opinion. Jim forces Huck to take a closer look at the†¦show more content†¦Huck lies in order to keep Jim safe; however by doing so he is risking his own life to help Jim, a runaway slave. Huck begins to familiarize himself with Jim to the point where Jim almost becomes like a fathe r to him, and in a way, Jim is able to mold Huck’s mind into what it is supposed to be, not what society wants it to be. His is shown when huck tricks Jim and then is able to humble himself to him and apologize; he drops society’s ideas here as he is apologizing to a worthless runaway slave in the eyes of society. This shows Hucks abandonment of society and the nest sign of significant growth of conscience: â€Å"It was a good fifteen minutes before I could humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warn’t ever sorry for it afterward, neither.† (86). This shows that Hucks own individual conscience in the novel is blossoming, and that Huck is finally becoming more of a man. It is clear throughout the novel that Huck was not raised as part of proper society, in the beginning, however, he does face many different pieces of society so to speak which makes him choose his own views before those of a backwards society. Huck’s great dislike of structure and order in society and the reader sees that Huck would rather be in his own world than have to deal with the realities of nineteenth century society. The novel shows Hucks great dislike of Ms. Watson and the Widow Douglas’s religious views: â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed sheShow MoreRelated Huckleberry Finn - Conflict Between Society And The Individual741 Words   |  3 Pages The theme of Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn is that the ideas of society can greatly influence the individual, and sometimes the individual must break off from the accepted values of society to determine the ultimate truth for himself. In Huckleberry Finns world, society has corrupted justice and morality to fit the needs of the people of the nation at that time. Basically, Americans were justifying slavery, through whatever social or religious ways that they deemed necessary during this time. Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1423 Words   |  6 PagesDreyson Clark Bouchey 2nd Period English 1 Honors 03/02/2016 1884, secret slavery is still going on. In this book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was a prime example of how most children were raised to be and how it produced a wrong perception on slaves. Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because of a direct effect off of his personal experiences in his time. Any difference in another human shouldn’t determine greeting or befriending another person was the messageRead MoreHuckleberry Finn : American Literature And Culture1622 Words   |  7 Pagesfor themselves, based on honorable values. Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are the first kids depicted in American literature, and through them, Mark Twain develops the concept of kid, by having them participate in comical manipulation and deception. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has two principal lies, imaginative lying and deceitful lying. Lying and deceit are central themes Twain uses to develop the blueprint of a child. Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, a nd the King and Duke involve themselvesRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1346 Words   |  6 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn† Racism was an ever present evil that was prevelant during the 1830s and 1840s that lead to a multitude of wrongdoings against blacks. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is about a young child name Huck and how he matures in a society teeming with racism. While on his adventure, he must learn to make tough, adult-like decisions. He travels down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave who later becomes one his his greatest friends. In Mark Twain’s novel The AdventuresRead MoreThe relation of form to content in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1097 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategies through which its story is told. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) is autobiographic, ensuring a valuable narrative unity; each scene is delivered as-is rather than being described into fruition. It is a tale of boyish adventure floating along the Mississippi told as it would have appeared to the boy himself. Thus, the novel ascribes to one of several contrasting aesthetics foun d throughout American literature: Twain’s creation and manipulation of aesthetic through an emphasis ofRead MoreHuckleberry Finn American Experience Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln, in his quest for the independence of slaves throughout the nation. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn expresses the American experience and captures the same idea of acquiring freedom, both physical and mental escape, through the characters Huckleberry Finn and Jim, who both physically escape their dangerous and threatening living arrangements, and the raft that aides Huckleberry and Jim in their quest and exploration of themselves and a new life. The concept of the â€Å"AmericanRead More Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) - Maturation Essays1174 Words   |  5 PagesHucks Journey Through Maturation Mark Twains novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is based on a young boys coming of age in Missouri in the mid-1800s. The adventures Huck Finn gets into while floating down the Mississippi River depict many serious issues that occur on the shores of civilization, better known as society. As these events following the Civil War are told through the young eyes of Huckleberry Finn, he unknowingly develops morally from the influences surroundingRead MoreSet In The Antebellum South, Mark Twain’S Adventures Of1601 Words   |  7 PagesSet in the Antebellum South, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn documents a landscape that differs greatly from the poised and picturesque scene associated with the contemporary South. Today’s South is synonymous with with ice cold pitchers of tea, ceaseless etiquette exuded on wraparound porches, and seemingly romantic drawls. However, the South that Huck resides in, tells a different story. 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Huck is both a symbol of the freedom of the natural man and an individual creature with a conscience and a basic sense of decency that are supposed to be the products of civilization. He is also a wild teenager who is at odds with society, religion, work, and even his own father, yet the reader never questions that Huck is a sensitive, loving human being

Biological Characteristics of Life

Question: Understand the Characteristics of life in relation to the human body. Understand the human cell. Understand metabolism in the human cell. Understand enzymes within the human body. Understand transport in and out of cells. Understand Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the human. Answer: Discuss the biological characteristics of life Basically, there are seven biological characteristics that are required for human body survival that is discussed below. Cellular organization The basic unit of survival is cell where all the activities of life processes take place. The cells are the basic machinery for different living activities and, therefore, cellular organization made by a compilation of these cells is the most important component of the human body (Buchanan, 2010). Reproduction For continuity of survival, the reproduction is required to produce new living organism by the process of sexual reproduction in the human body. Reproduction is the only characteristic that leads to the formation of a new living organism. Metabolism The metabolism process is the collaboration of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell for maintaining life in the body. Basically, metabolism is functioning of cellular components and therefore, no cellular activity is possible without metabolism (Alberts et al. 2013). Homeostasis This is a biological characteristic that is required to maintain the equilibrium in internal atmosphere of the body. This included body temperature, pressure, acidity, alkalinity etc. Heredity Heredity is the transfer of traits from parent to offsprings and it important for continuity of trait from one human generation to another that will lead to evolution and adaptation in human species (Buchanan, 2010). Evolution and adaptation Evolution and adaptation are the important biological characteristics of the human body to survive with the external environment and develop response according to the external environment. Growth and development The biological characteristics of growth and development are important for quality and longevity of human survival (Alberts et al. 2013). Discuss in detail the structure and the functions of a human cell using a diagram Human cell diagram (Diagram attached as separate file) Some peripheral proteins form markers or antigens on the surface of the plasma membrane of some specialised cells, explain in detail their role? Peripheral proteins working as marker or antigen on plasma membrane are actually the proteins extended across the plasma membrane that function as an identifier of the cell. The antibodies of body immune system identify these marker proteins to distinguish body cells or friendly cells from foreign invaders. These marker proteins work as fingerprints of the cell. These proteins also function as antigen for the antibodies of the immune system (Chan and Marshall, 2010). Marker proteins play a major role in organ transplantations where the rejection or acceptance of transplant depends on correct marker protein identification of the cell by the immune system. If the marker proteins of transplanted organs are different from original organ than the body immune system rejects the transplant (Richards et al. 2012). How does the phospholipid bi-layer arrangement of the plasma membrane assist with the movement of substances through the membrane? The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is a thin flexible layer that consists of different components like lipid bilayer, proteins, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. There are two categories of protein on bilayer that are peripheral and internal proteins. Out of these, the internal protein arrangements on phospholipid bilayer functions to form a channel for the movement of materials through the membrane. These internal proteins form a channel between the lipid bilayer for substance movement (Phillips et al. 2012). Below are micrographs of two cell organelles; identify each organelle, and discuss in detail their interrelationship with each other? A) The provided organelle is Mitochondria that is a double layered organelle found in eukaryotic cells working as the powerhouse of the cell. B) The provided organelle is Golgi apparatus or Golgi body found in eukaryotic cells that function basically for transportation and resides at the intersection of endocytic, lysosomal and secretory pathways. Interrelationship of Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus Mitochondria produces energy in the form of ATP in the cell that energy is further operated by DNA and supplied to different organelles for various cellular processes. The Golgi apparatus uses this energy for processes of endocytosis and exocytosis (Westermann, 2010). Further, Golgi apparatus functions as one part of the transportation machinery for the products of the mitochondria inside the cell. After apoptosis of mitochondria, it undergoes cellular digestion and is transported by membrane surface by Golgi complex (Vasudevan et al. 2010). Discuss the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis giving examples? Ribosomes are macromolecular organelles that consist of rRNA and polypeptide chain made up of two basic subunits that are the 40s and 60s in eukaryotic cells. The ribosomes function as protein synthesis factory or workhorses. They are basically involved in the translation process of protein synthesis where mRNA after transcription gets translated to polypeptide chain further forming proteins. Basically, the different codons of mRNA are translated to different amino acids attached to tRNA forming polypeptide chain supported by ribosomes. For example- AUG codon forms methionine, UCU forms serine, CAC forms histamine etc. (Hardesty and Kramer, 2012). The mRNA codon (shine-Dalgarno) required for translation initiation is identified by ribosome where ribosome gets attached to mRNA. For example, the mRNA sequence of AUG is identified by rRNA codon UAC in the 40s unit of ribosomes that gets attached to mRNA (Koren and Torchilin, 2012). Further, ribosome provided a proper biological environment and three different sites for the attachment of mRNA and tRNA molecules. These sites on ribosome are named as A, P and E where A-site is attachment site of aminoacyl-tRNA, p site is for attachment of peptidyl-tRNA and E-site is for free tRNA before it leaves the ribosome. Ribosome also provides structural support and catalyst required for protein synthesis (Gagnon et al. 2012). Discuss the role of lysosomes in `autolysis`? Lysosomes are membrane bound structures or waste disposal system in the cell that contains hydrolytic enzymes that are capable to breakdown all categories of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. In living organism the autolysis is a phenomenon leading to self-digestion or cellular destruction that it initiated by the digestive enzymes released from lysosomes into the cytoplasm. Therefore, lysosomes functions as precursor and supplier for the process of autolysis (Holtzman, 2012). Discuss the transmission of hereditary traits by genes? Every living organism consists nuclear material known, as DNA inside the nucleus that carries hereditary characteristics or traits in the form of nucleotide base pairs sequences knows as genes. Each trait has its specific gene sequence on DNA molecules. The chromosomes inside the nucleus containing DNA get replicated into two identical copies in the process of reproduction. Each chromosome copy carries thousands of genes similar to parent genes that were found in parent chromosome. The two identical copies get separated and get transmitted to offspring from a parent through reproduction. In this manner, gene work as the basic unit that carry hereditary traits from one generation to another generation. These genes work as codes of a specific character that offsprings inherit from their parents (Baginsky et al. 2010). Explain how cells are organised to form other structures in the human body A) Skeletal Muscle Tissue The diagram is skeletal muscle fibres that form skeletal muscle tissue or voluntary muscle in the body. An average male consist 42% skeletal muscle and average female contains 36% skeletal muscle in the body. These muscle tissues are formed by the combination of muscle cells that contains myoblasts formed of myofibrils. The diagram shows various myofibrils combined together with the mitochindrias in between. The main function of muscle fibrils is related to cellular physiology and contraction. The muscle fibrils contain actin and myosin along with various other components that lead to muscle contraction and relaxation forming movement in the body in the presence of nerve impulses and ATP the myosin and actin function to breakdown ATP into ADP and phosphate molecules. The energy released after this process gets stored in myosin that is further utilized in the later movement of the body. These muscle tissues maintain the posture and body position because contraction supports particular position. Further, these tissues also play an important role in the movement of materials inside the body by the signalling process (Pedersen and Febbraio, 2012). B) Connective Tissue- Compact Bone Matrix The diagram is of the compact bone matrix that contains a central canal surrounded by lamellae of calcified matrix further surrounding blood vessels. These concentric circles develop compact bones. The lamellae are growth rings that increase in number with age. These compact bone provides structural support, structure and strength to body. These tissues also function for the protection of cancellous bone containing marrow. Compact bone is almost present in all bones of the body. These tissues also releases hormones to encourage mineralization forming solid bones. Proper balance in blood calcium and other tissues is also supported by compact bone matrix (Herring, 2012). C) Nervous Tissue - Neuron The diagram represents neuron known as nerve cell that can be electrically excited for transmission of information or signals from body to brain or from brain to the body. The neurons are functional unit of nervous system signalling pathway where different sub-structures of neuron perform different functions (Alivisatos et al. 2013). The dendrites transfer information to body cells in the form of electric impulses. Axon works as a conduit for information or signal flow between brain regions. At axon terminal process of synapses occurs where electric impulse releases neurotransmitters (chemicals) that convey information to cells of the body in a form of these chemicals (Finch, 2010). Explain the terms metabolism, catabolism and anabolism with reference to the human cell Metabolism Metabolism is the word used to for all the chemical reactions occurring inside the living cell to maintain the living state of the cell as well as the organism. Metabolism is basically the chemical transformations that occur inside cells of all living creatures basically involved in the production of energy leading to cellular activities, breakdown of food into proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and elimination of waste from the body. Anabolism and catabolism are two categories of metabolic activity occurring in the human body (DeBerardinis and Thompson, 2012). One of the most common example, of metabolism is when a person intake sugar or any other food component in the body it gets broken down into simpler molecules by chemical reactions that further leads to the formation of energy used for formation of proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc. inside the body. Anabolism This is the constructive part of metabolism where cellular processes lead to the formation of complex molecules. Basically, anabolism is a formation process that involves three steps that are the production of precursors, reaction or activation of precursors to use energy and assembly of activated precursors to form complex molecules. Protein translation is an anabolic process example that occurs in living cell when amino acids combine to form protein in the presence of energy (Alberts et al. 2013). Catabolism Catabolism is destructive cellular reaction where biomolecules are broken down into simpler or smaller molecules with a release of energy that is further utilized in anabolic processes. Basically, it is an energy formation process where complex molecules get destroyed to release energy. Cellular respiration is purely a catabolic process where biomolecules of digestion are further broken down into smaller molecules to release energy in the form of ATP (DeBerardinis and Thompson, 2012). Discuss the importance of enzymes in the human body The diagram represents an enzyme-substrate complex formation at active site region of the enzyme where the specific substrate molecule binds to undergo a chemical reaction. This diagram is basically the Lock Key Model of Emil Fischers based on lock key hypothesis explaining that active site works as a code for a specific substrate in chemical reaction similarly like every lock persist a specific shape code for the single key. This lock and key model clearly explain the enzymatic specificity for a particular substrate that leads to specific reaction. This process explains the basis of the enzymatic identification by its substrate that leads to a specific reaction in all living processes (Vogt and Di Cera, 2012). Explain the movement of substances in and out of the cell through passive and active transport 5.1 Define `Passive` and `Active` transport. Explain in detail how the following substances move through the plasma membrane stating whether it is an active or passive transport process; - oxygen and carbon dioxide, removal of waste in the kidneys, movement of sodium ions into a nerve cell and phagocytosis Active and passive transport are biological processes that involve the movement of substances inside and outside the cellular body. The active process needs chemical energy for transportation whereas passive transport occurs without the use of chemical energy. In passive transport process, the movement occurs on the basis of concentration level where substance moves from the region of their higher concentration to lower concentration (Kotyk, 2012). Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide get diffused inside and outside the cell by a process of osmosis trying to maintain concentration gradient. Therefore, it is a passive transportation process as no energy is utilized in transportation. Removal of waste in the kidney Removal of waste from the blood at glomerulus of the nephron in the kidney is a passive transport process that occurs due to diffusion of waste from their higher concentration to lower concentration. Whereas, in reabsorption process in kidney the useful substances like glucose, vitamins etc. are removed by active transportation in the loop of Henle and convoluted region of the kidney. Movement of sodium ions in nerve cell The movement of sodium ions in nerve cells is an active transport process that requires energy in the form of ATP to cross the plasma membrane of nerve cells. Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is the vascular induction of solid particles inside the cell through identification by specific receptors. This process is an energy dependant process for signal activation therefore; it is active transportation (Wilson, 2012). A sailor is lost at sea; he drank sea water and died the next day. When his body was recovered, paramedics said he would have survived if he had not drunk the sea water; explain why the sea water killed him? The human body has a certain limit of capacity to handle the salt concentration. The plasma membranes are semipermeable structures and high concentration of salt in water if enter the cell and blood stream it leads to fatal effect. In this particular case, high salt concentration due to drinking seas water resulted in the death of sailor (Wilson, 2012). Discuss the importance and use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the human body The sprinter will experience fatigue earlier than marathon because of the insufficient intramuscular ATP concentration. Every individual has the capacity to generate power output in the body. The fall of ATP concentration below 70% leads to fatigue in high-pressure exercises. Marathon usually has a practice of running, therefore, their body develops a potential form of energy whereas sprinter usually does not perform running, therefore, will easily feel fatigue (Buchanan, 2010). References Books Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P., 2013.Essential cell biology. Garland Science. Buchanan, M., 2010.Networks in cell biology. Cambridge University Press. 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Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,8(8), pp.457-465. Richards, T.J., Kaminski, N., Baribaud, F., Flavin, S., Brodmerkel, C., Horowitz, D., Li, K., Choi, J., Vuga, L.J., Lindell, K.O. and Klesen, M., 2012. Peripheral blood proteins predict mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,185(1), pp.67-76. Vogt, A.D. and Di Cera, E., 2012. Conformational selection or induced fit? A critical appraisal of the kinetic mechanism.Biochemistry,51(30), pp.5894-5902. Westermann, B., 2010. Mitochondrial fusion and fission in cell life and death. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology,11(12), pp.872-884.